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Study Guide: Pages 229-256 & 262-263 in Chapter 7 "Learning
and Conditioning," "Pidgeons as bag screeners, rats as rescuers,"
and related classes
Facts and concepts to understand
- Differences between classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning
- Pavlov's experiment
- Be able to look at an example of classical conditioning and identify:
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
unconditioned response (UCR)
conditioned response (CR)
- How could extinction be produced? (in classical and instrumental conditioning)
- What is learned in classical conditioning? be very careful and precise
- Effects of length of time between CS and UCS
- Effects of order of pairing of CS and UCS
- Single-trial classical conditioning
- Conditioned food/taste aversion-- why learned so easily?
- What explains the "Garcia effect"? (understand, but do NOT
need to
know the term)
- Little Albert experiment
- What is the conditioning principle used in aversion therapy? How successful
is aversion therapy?
- Role of classical conditioning in drug cravings, applications to treatment
- What type of conditioning is used to train an animal to do a trick?
- Be able to look at an example of instrumental conditioning and identify
the conditioned response
- Effects of time between behavior and reward or punishment
- Effects of partial reinforcement/variable reinforcement schedule
- What is learned in instrumental conditioning?
- How is behavior most quickly and strongly established during training
in
instrumental conditioning?
- After training, how is a new behavior maintained most effectively
. . .
if the new behavior was trained through reward?
if the new behavior was trained through punishment?
- Applications of instrumental conditioning in training animals to perform
tasks for humans, ethical issues/controversies
- Applications of instrumental conditioning in mental institutions,
prisons, etc.
- Use of instrumental conditioning with autistic children
- B.F. Skinner's ideas
- Behaviorist explanations of superstitions
- Effectiveness of rewards vs. punishments in modifying behavior
- Problems with using punishment
- If punishment is used, how should it be used?
- Potential problems with rewards and how to avoid them
Terms
- classical conditioning
- Pavlov
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- Conditioned stimulus (CS)
- Unconditioned response (UCR)
- Conditioned response (CR)
- conditioned food/taste aversion
- higher order conditioning
- extinction (in classical conditioning and in instrumental conditioning)
- counterconditioning
- aversion therapy
- instrumental/operant conditioning
- conditioned response in instrumental conditioning
- primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers
- continuous reinforcement
- partial reinforcement, variable reinforcement schedule
- schedule of reinforcement (you do NOT need to learn particular schedules
such as variable ratio, etc.)
- Thorndike, law of effect, puzzle box
- B. F. Skinner
- behaviorism
- Skinner box
- reward, reinforcement
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- punishment
- shaping, successive approximation
- primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer, primary & secondary
punisher
- behavior modification
- token economy
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